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Lecture 21 Object-Oriented Programming

OOP lets you: Build some extensible software concisely Exploit an intuitive analogy between interaction of physical entities and interaction of software pieces It also: Raises tricky semantic and style issues that deserve careful PL study Is more complicated than functions Not necessarily worse but I\'m skeptical that all those accessor methods are

What is OOP & how can I learn it?
There is much more to OOP to be discovered on your own or through other courses. We started our discussion of OOP with classes, which form part of the foundation of object-oriented programming. Fundamentally, a class allows us to package together related pieces of data with functions that operate on that data.
How to create a data structure in a non-object oriented language?
In non-object-oriented languages, such as C, if we wanted to create a data structure, we had a data representation (typically a struct) that was wholly separate from the functions that operated on it. For example, if we had a vector variable, we would pass it to an add () function as a parameter.
What is add function in object oriented programming?
The add function typically was not bound to, or part of, the vector variable in any way. Object-oriented programming breaks down a bit of the wall between data and functionality and unifies those concepts into classes in a way that jives with our notion of how we interact with many objects in the real world.
What is object oriented programming?
The object-oriented paradigm allows us to reflect that sort of integration in code and build programs that manipulate the state of our data in ways that really reflect our understanding of how we interact with objects in the real world. When we create a new class, we are typically also creating a new datatype.

Don't Believe the Hype

OOP lets you: Build some extensible software concisely Exploit an intuitive analogy between interaction of physical entities and interaction of software pieces It also: Raises tricky semantic and style issues that deserve careful PL study Is more complicated than functions Not necessarily worse, but I'm skeptical that all those accessor methods are

In (pure) class-based OOP:

Everything is an object Objects communicate via messages (handled by methods) Objects have their own state Every object is an instance of a class A class describes its instances' behavior Why is this approach such a popular way to structure software?

OOP can mean many things

I An ADT (private elds) Inheritance, method/ eld extension, method override Implicit this / self Dynamic dispatch Subtyping All the above (plus constructor(s)) with 1 class declaration Design question: Better to have small orthogonal features or one \\do it all" feature? Anyway, let's consider how \\unique to OO" each is. . . groups.seas.harvard.edu

Subtyping, continued

If C extends D and overrides a method of D, what restrictions should we have? Argument types contravariant (assume less about arguments) Result type covariant (provide more about result) Many \\real" languages are even more restrictive I Often in favor of static overloading Some bend over backward to be more exible I At expense of run-time checks/ca

The essence

Claim: Class-based object are: So-so ADTs Same-old record and function subtyping Some syntactic sugar for extension and override And: I A fundamentally di erent rule for what self maps to in the environment groups.seas.harvard.edu

The big debate

Open recursion: Code reuse: improve even by just changing odd Superclass has to do less extensibility planning Closed recursion: Code abuse: break even by just breaking odd Superclass has to do more abstraction planning Reality: Both have proved very useful; should probably just argue over \\the right default" groups.seas.harvard.edu

Where We're Going

Now we know overriding and dynamic dispatch is the interesting part of the expression language. Next: How exactly do we de ne method dispatch? How do we use overriding for extensible software? Revisiting \\subtyping is subclassing" Usually convenient Not necessary Not always desirable groups.seas.harvard.edu

Dispatch continued

Approach 2: Each object has 1 \\run-time tag" For new C() where C extends D, tag is C self bound to the (whole) object in method body Method call to m reads tag, looks up (tag,m) in a global table Both approaches model dynamic-dispatch and are routinely formalized in PL papers. Real implementations a bit more clever. Di erence in approaches only obs

Overriding and Hierarchy Design

Subclass writer decides what to override to modify behavior I Often-claimed unchecked style issue: overriding should specialize behavior But superclass writer often has ideas on what will be overridden Leads to abstract methods (must override) and abstract classes: An abstract class has > 0 abstract methods Overriding an abstract method makes it no

Overriding for Extensibility

A PL example: class Exp { abstract Exp eval(Env); abstract Typ typecheck(Ctxt); abstract Int toInt(); } class IntExp extends class Exp { Int i; Exp eval(Env e) { self } Typ typecheck(Ctxt c) { new IntTyp() } Int toInt() constructor(Int _i) { i } { i=_i } } groups.seas.harvard.edu

Extending the example

Now suppose we want MultExp No change to existing code, unlike ML In ML, we would have to \\prepare" with an \\Else of 'a" variant and make Exp a type-constructor In general, requires very fancy acrobatics Now suppose we want a toString method Must change all existing classes, unlike ML In OOP, we would have to \\prepare" with a \\Visitor pattern" In g

If you have MultExp extend Exp, you will copy typecheck from AddExp

If you have MultExp extend AddExp, you don't copy. The AddExp implementer was not expecting that. May be brittle; generally considered bad style. Best (?) of both worlds by refactoring with an abstract BinIntExp class implementing typecheck. So we choose to change AddExp when we add MultExp. This intermediate class is a fairly heavyweight way to us

Principles of Object Oriented Programming

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