esterification reaction de substitution


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  • Why is reaction 4 called esterification?

    Reaction #4 is called esterification, since it is commonly used to convert carboxylic acids to their ester derivatives. Esters may be prepared in many different ways; indeed, equations #1 and #4 in the previous diagram illustrate the formation of tert-butyl and methyl esters respectively.

  • What is a transesterification reaction?

    Transesterification is a reaction where an ester is converted to a different ester through reaction with an alcohol. Because there is typically very little difference in stability between both esters, the equilibrium constant of this reaction is usually near one.

Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Esters

Carboxylic acids can be converted to esterswith an acid catalyst and an excess of alcohol. This is known as Fischer esterification. or just “esterification of acids”. Common choices for acids include sulfuric acid (H2SO4), tosic acid (TsOH) and hydrochloric acid HCl among others. For our purposes these conditions can be considered to be equivalent

Intramolecular Fischer Esterification

The Fischer esterification can also be used to make cyclic esters (lactones). This is an example of an intramolecular reaction. The bonds that form and break are exactly the same But since the nucleophile and electrophile are attached to the same molecule, we obtain a cyclicproduct. Ring formation works best for the formation of 5- and 6-membered

Mechanism of The Fischer Esterification

So how does this reaction work? The Fischer esterification mechanism has six steps. Each step is reversible and the starting materials and final product are all in equilibrium. In the first step of the Fischer esterification, the carbonyl oxygen is protonated with acid to give anoxonium ion. The resulting protonated carbonyl is an even better elect

Comparing Fischer Esterification with Saponification

Why does esterification of acids work well under acidic conditions, but fails under basic conditions? Recall that a key driving force for nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions is that they are strongly favorable when the nucleophile is a stronger base than the leaving group. [See post: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution] When we employ acidic condit

What Is The Driving Force?

There’s one last question worth asking. What’s the actual driving force for the Fischer esterification? Usually, nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions follow the Principle of Acid-Base Mediocrity. That means that reaction proceeds in the direction in which the stronger base (nucleophile) displaces a weaker base (leaving group). [See post: Nucleo

Large Excess of Reagent

One study on this reaction [Note 3] used acetic acid and ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst. It was found that running the Fischer esterification using equal amounts of acetic acid and ethanol gave a 65% yield of the ester at equilibrium. Not bad. But the reaction could be driven even further to the right by using a 10-fold excess of the a

Removing Water with A Dean-Stark Trap

Another way to ensure the reaction runs in the direction of ester formation is to removethe water as it is formed. This pushes the equilibrium towards the right via Le Chateliers’ principle. A clever way to do it is to use an apparatus called a Dean-Stark trap. In this process, a solvent such as benzene or toluene is used. These molecules co-distil

Summary

The Fischer esterification is one of those classic reactions in organic chemistry that is never going away. It is one of the cheapest and most effective processes for the formation of esters from carboxylic acids, especially on large scale. All of the steps in the Fischer esterification are potentially reversible. The six steps in the mechanism (Pr

Notes

Note 1. The equilibrium for the formation for unstrained, five- and six-membered rings is highly favorable for entropic reasons. A molecule of the leaving group (e.g. H2O) is released into solution with attendant increase in translational entropy (three degrees of translational entropy and up to three degrees of rotational entropy). This is sometim

References and Further Reading

References 1. First example Emil Fischer, Arthur Speier (1895). “Darstellung der Ester”. Chemische Berichte. 28: 3252–3258DOI: 1002/cber.189502803176Original paper by Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier describing acid-catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids and alcohols. 2. Protonic States and the Mechanism of Acid‐Catalysed Esterification Dr. H.

Fischer Esterification Reaction Mechanism

Fischer Esterification Reaction Mechanism

Esterification reaction  FSc. lecture  organic chemistry  mechanism of esterification

Esterification reaction FSc. lecture organic chemistry mechanism of esterification

20.8 Synthesis and Reactions of Esters  Organic Chemistry

20.8 Synthesis and Reactions of Esters Organic Chemistry

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