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GATT/ WTO

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was signed in 1947 is a multilateral agreement regulating trade among 153 countries According to its preamble the purpose of the GATT is the “substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis ”

PDF	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Emeritus Professor Faculty of Law University of Ottawa

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THE TEXT OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

This booklet contains the complete text of the General Agreement together with all amendments which have become effective since its entry into force The text is identical to that published since 1969 as Volume IV in the series Basic Instruments and Selected Documents

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THE WTO AGREEMENTS SERIE 2S

GATT 1994 and 1947 3 Agriculture 4 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 5 Textiles and Clothing 6 Technical Barriers to Trade 7 Trade-Related Investment Measures 8 Anti-dumping 9 Customs Valuation 10 Preshipment Inspection 11 Rules of Origin 12 Import Licensing Procedures 13 Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 14 Safeguards 15

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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 35 GATT 1994

The acronym “GATT” stands for the “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade” It is an agreement between States aiming at eliminating discrimination and reducing tariffs and other trade barriers with respect to trade in goods The GATT was originally and is still today only concerned with trade in

What is the purpose of the GATT?
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was signed in 1947, is a multilateral agreement regulating trade among 153 countries. According to its preamble, the purpose of the GATT is the “substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.”
What is Article X of the GATT 1994?
Article X of the GATT 1994 enunciates two general principles. First, trade laws and regulations may not be enforced before official publication. Second, trade laws and regulations shall be administered in a uniform, impartial and reasonable manner.
What is part 3 of the GATT 1994?
Part III of the GATT 1994 consists of Article XXIV through Article XXXV. Article XXIV concerns mainly customs unions and free trade areas and the responsibility of Members for the acts of their regional and local governments. Articles XXVIII and XXVIII(bis) deal with the negotiation and renegotiation of tariff concessions.
What is the main source of GATT documents?
This annual publication is the primary source of GATT documents. It contains the text of GATT agreements and amendments, Protocol of Provisional Application and Annexes and other legal instruments (such as decisions, declarations, resolutions, and other selected documents).

By Donald M. McRae

Emeritus Professor Faculty of Law University of Ottawa legal.un.org

Background

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (hereinafter “GATT”) of 1947 emerged from the post-Second World War negotiations on international economic cooperation. These negotiations resulted in the Bretton Woods agreements – the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development – but there was the belief that

The GATT Text

The GATT text is a mixture of explicit obligations imposed on parties, statements about what the parties should (rather than “shall”) do, and statements about what is desirable. It is not, as one might expect of a treaty, a document that is simply expressive of legal obligations. This reflects in part the nature of its drafting by economists, but a

1. Non-discrimination

The preamble to GATT makes clear that the agreement was directed to “the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international commerce”. The central core of these goals is found in the first three articles of GATT. The fundamental principle of non-discrimination expressed i

2. Quantitative Restrictions on Import and Export

The approach in GATT was to liberalize trade through permitting tariffs which could be negotiated down over time. But it was also recognized that other border measures, such as quotas, should be eliminated. This is the content of article XI, which validates “duties, taxes and charges”, but proscribes “prohibitions or restrictions” on the importatio

3. Safeguards

The risks that countries face by lowering tariffs is that there may be a drastic and often unanticipated impact on domestic production from the competition from increased imports. Article XIX dealt with this by permitting contracting parties to take “safeguard” action, which involved suspending the obligation or concession that has resulted in incr

Exceptions

In addition to safeguards and the exceptions set out in many of the articles of GATT, both general exceptions and security exceptions are provided to GATT obligations. Some of the general exceptions relate to matters of particular importance at the time, such as the importation or exportation of gold and silver, but many of these exceptions were to

Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas

The MFN principle posed a challenge for preferential arrangements, such as customs unions and free trade areas, that had been entered into by the States that had negotiated GATT. States were not prepared, however, to abandon those arrangements. Instead, in article XXIV they permitted their continuation as well as the conclusion of new customs union

Institutional Provisions

Since GATT was only an interim arrangement pending the entry into force of the ITO, no provisions were made for institutions through which the arrangement would function. The CONTRACTING PARTIES were to meet from time to time and by their “joint action” under article XXV were to facilitate and further the objectives of the Agreement. Each contracti

Dispute Settlement

The way in which disputes were dealt with under GATT evolved from a ruling from the chair on a dispute, to establishing a working party to consider the matter and advise the CONTRACTING PARTIES, to a more formal system which would involve a three-person “panel”. The panel was to investigate the matter, seek to work out a settlement between the disp

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PDF	Page 23 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE 1994 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ("GATT 1994") shall consist of: the GATT 1947 before the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement:.

PDF	Page 33 UNDERSTANDING ON THE INTERPRETATION OF Having regard to the provisions of Article XXIV of GATT 1994;. Recognizing that customs unions and free trade areas have greatly increased in number.

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Quelle est l'objectif du GATT ?
Le GATT est un contrat international qui a pour objectifs déclarés: a) de contribuer à élever les niveaux de vie; b) de réaliser le plein emploi; c) de mettre en valeur les ressources mondiales; d) de développer la production et les échanges de marchandises; e) d'encourager le développement économique.
Quels sont les principes fondamentaux du GATT ?
Les accords du GATT apparaissent comme l'instrument majeur de la libéralisation contemporaine des échanges; ils sont fondés sur deux grands principes, celui de la non discrimination et celui du désarmement douanier.
Quelle est la différence entre GATT et l'OMC ?
Alors que le GATT régissait principalement le commerce des marchandises, l'OMC et ses Accords visent aujourd'hui le commerce des services ainsi que les échanges d'inventions, de créations et de dessins et modèles (propriété intellectuelle).
L'Organisation mondiale du commerce prend la suite du GATT, celui-ci s'avérant incapable de répondre aux enjeux de la fin du XXe si?le. Créée à l'issue de l'Uruguay round, par les accords de Marrakech, l'OMC entre en fonction en 1995. À l'instar du GATT, l'OMC cherche à réduire les obstacles au libre-échange.

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